Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected - 1211 Words

Joseph Mercola in his article â€Å"Vaccine Exemptions Must Be Protected† provides data about the nature of vaccinations as well as current outbreak evidence to support his claim that vaccine exemptions should be allowed. He argues that the immunity provided by vaccinations is â€Å"inferior immunity† (Mercola 6) in comparison to naturally acquired immunity-antibodies to a disease produced by the body after contracting a disease. If one ignores the false assumptions about the immune system Mercola’s argument appears sound because of all the statistics of â€Å"failing† vaccinations. However, Mercola relies on hasty generalization, the fallacy of reaching a hasty conclusion without evaluating all the evidence, to conclude that vaccines are failing. Mercola assumes that natural immunity is 100% effective and will not fail as vaccine-acquired immunity is. Because vaccines are not 100% effective, Mercola argues that people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. The implication being that submitting to a vaccine that will fail in the future is putting oneself at unnecessary risk. Mercola’s argument can be reconstructed as follows†¦ 1. If vaccines are not 100% effective, then people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. 2. Vaccines are not 100% effective. Therefore, people should be exempt from mandatory vaccinations. Premise 2 depends on Mercola’s use of the fallacy of hasty generalization. He relies on three specific outbreaks (2010 California B. Pertussis, 2010 New Jersey/NewShow MoreRelatedFree Speech Is The Cornerstone Of The American Freedom1719 Words   |  7 Pagesgranted by the 1st amendment, can be viewed as the cornerstone of the American freedom since without it most of the other freedoms Americans enjoy become less useful or even obsolete. The issue that many find with free speech however is that everyone must have it even if that person holds an opposing opinion. This mutual respect is the foundation for civil discussions and debates that shape the country and even the world. However many Americans either no longer know how to discuss matters civilly orRead MoreBenefits Of Mandatory Vaccines905 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory vaccines have been a subject of debate for years. They are easily the most controversia l subject in the medical field. Vaccines protect us from diseases, however, with many accusations surrounding vaccinations, such as they give children autism or they can cause febrile seizures many parents question whether they are worth the risk. Mandatory vaccines have benefits and risks because of the impacts they have on your health. The seemingly greatest benefit of mandatory vaccines is that youRead MoreEssay about Vaccinations Should Be Required1105 Words   |  5 Pageschild’s life could have been saved if the child received the proper vaccinations. Ever since the invention of the Smallpox vaccine more than two centuries ago, there has been an abundance of controversy over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccinations and immunizations. It has recently been argued whether laws should be introduced that render some or all vaccines mandatory for all children. Parents, health care specialists, nurses, teachers, and children all have an important stanceRead MoreVaccination Informed Parental Choice : Vaccination Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesImmunizations† 1). However, each state respectively establishes the laws for vaccination and corresponding vaccine medical, religious, and philosophical exemptions. For comparison purposes, in the early 1970’s, only three vaccinations were recommended (The Merck Manual 1462). This growth is a 314% surge in the number of vaccinations encouraged by the CDC. Thus, the subject of vaccinations and corresponding exemptions is contentious, divisive, and widely debated. Indeed, some believe that childhood vaccinationsRead MoreUsing Kingdon s Policy Streams Model1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthem rather than the ability that one must have in wording the issue. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a problem that has been identified. Background on the problem will be provided, the significance will be examined, and a discussion of the problem using Kingdon’s Policy Streams Model will be delivered. Identification of Problem Immunization via vaccines has been a hot topic of debate in recent years. As with many issues advocates for and against vaccines can be found. The problem that hasRead MoreThe Discovery of Vaccines Prevented The Spread of Infectious Diseases1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe discovery of vaccines prevented the spread of infectious diseases around the world. Vaccines control the spread of diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, and the flu. In addition, vaccines increase the overall health of not only individuals, but of populations. Although these benefits prove effective on the world wide scale, the requirement of vaccinations of children to enter the public school system remains a current public health concern. Some argue that vaccines are dangerous forRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Immunization1113 Words   |  5 Pagesis made immune to infectious diseases usually through the administration of vaccines. Doctors and healthcare providers recommend vaccainations to infa nts to protect them from common diseases that can be deadly especially to young children and infants. The process, as explained by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is referred to as the â€Å"4:3:1:3 series,† which represents the number of dosages of vaccines required to fend off diseases such as mealses, mumps, tetsnus, and many othersRead MoreWhy Children Should Be Vaccinated942 Words   |  4 PagesVirginia only allow medical reasons for an exemption for vaccinations. By doing this â€Å"it’s abundantly clear that we’re best served by vaccinating all of those children who can be, so that the ones who can’t be – for medical reasons such as a compromised immune system – are protected† (Bruni, Page 4). This is saying that only allowing parents to use medical exemptions as the only way a child cannot be vaccinated, will help those children who need the medical exemption. Because these children have an immuneRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pages(â€Å"2016 Recommended Immunizations† 1). However, each state respectively establishes the laws for vaccination and corresponding exemptions. For comparison purposes, in the early 1970’s, only three vaccinations were recommended (The Merck Manual 1462). This growth is a 314% surge in the number of vaccinations encouraged by the CDC. Thus, the subject of vaccinations and exemptions is contentious, divisive, and widely debated. Indeed, some believe that childhood vaccinations should be mandatory in orderRead More Vaccinations Necessary to the Nation’s Youth Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesParents must make many decisions about their child, which vary from what brand of diapers to use to at what age to start a college fund. Parents also take responsibility for their child’s health, including deciding whether or not to vaccinate. Immuniza tions serve as the most efficient way to prevent possible life threatening diseases, including mumps, Hepatitis B, and polio, from affecting children, not only during adolescence, but also throughout their adult lives. Parents need to make the informed

Business Torts Wk 2 Free Essays

Business Torts Pearl leos University of Phoenix Buisness Law/ 531 Kelly Dickson June 10, 2010 Proposed actions a company  may take to avoid tort liability and litigation are vital to organizations. Proposed actions a company  may take to avoid product liability risk may be a way out of liability issues. Assessing methods for managing legal risk arising from domestic and international regulatory matters is the best way to beat business torts. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Torts Wk 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now an integral aspect of a business liability practice is to take ongoing proactive measures through direct collaboration to avoid lawsuits before they are filed.Seeking advice from government authorities, specialists and risk-management consultants is a technique buinsess should use. It is in every company’s business interest to allocate resources to identify risks and avoid descrepancies within the buisness (Parchomovsky, 2008). Business Torts In order to develop methods to reduce or eliminate torts, risks need to be identified and steps need to be taken. Proposing actions for a company  to avoid tort liability and litigation is a way to keep ahead of the game.A company  may take actions to avoid product liability risk such as; identifying risk, risk management, analysis and risk control to avoid torts. Assessing methods for managing legal risk arising from domestic and international regulatory matters is vital. Employing risk and management principles will not always prevent a businesses from being sued or from suffering loss but financial burdens can be significantly reduced. Identifying Risk An integral aspect of a business liability practice is to take ongoing proactive measures through direct collaboration to avoid lawsuits before they are ever filed.Not all companies understand how to completely guard themselves of outside entities that have ill will and malice intent therefore it is important to completely understand how to handle these circumstances. Such risks have an impact on a company’s existing assets, earnings, and often, reputation. In the context of tort liability arising out of noncompliance of government regulations, it is in every company’s business interest to allocate resources to identify those risks, and to implement action plans to avoid such risks.Assessing methods for managing legal risk arising from of domestic and international regulatory matters (Wilson, 2009). Regulatory risks and tort liability are nothing new to companies within the business world of todays’ society. Business members should be aware of specific goals, business needs, economics and the impact of potential liability as well as managing risk and risks associated with the failure to comply with a whole host of governmental regulations. In the event those risks do develop, the company needs to have system in place to properly manage and contain monetary and repetitional loss to the company.Additionally, companies will also benefit by anticipating what regulatory changes are upcoming instead to adjust the business practices accordingly, thereby minimizing the exposure to tort liability arising out of noncompliance of regulations (Wilson, 2009). Risk Management This may be as simple as continuing to operate as usual or as complicated as restructuring or abolishing an entire department. Risk IdentificationThe first step in the risk management process is to identify all potential losses facing a municipality. Risk identification is an on going process that changes with each new situation.Risk identification, or exposure identification, requires the development of an inventory of all municipal operations, knowledge of the potential liabilities that may be imposed by either statute or common law, and knowledge of the worth of all municipal assets and sources of revenue. This step must include an evaluation of all potential events that might adversely affect the finances of a municipality. Contracts should be reviewed thoroughly, before being signed, to ensure that the municipality is obtaining the best deal possible.In some cases, risks can be transferred to the contracting party. Potential losses of income and extra expenses that a municipality might incur are two areas often overlooked in risk identification. (Parchomovsky, 2008). Other areas where risk management principles should be applied include vehicle usage, maintenance of property and facilities, public use of facilities, use of independent contractors and consultants, personnel questions and personal injury and property injury exposure. All municipal activities should be evaluated and facilities inspected.Court decisions and legislation that affect municipalities must be reviewed. Insurance and risk management publications should be studied for the latest information on loss avoidance. Attending courses on risk management may prove beneficial. The importance of the human element cannot be overemphasized when identifying risks. Asking employees and supervisors for their input because they are in the best position to identify risks. It is important to communicate with people in other municipalities who are involved in risk management that might have faced and solved a similar problem in the past.Obviously, a great amount of guesswork is involved in risk identification, and some potential losses may be overlooked. However, by making a conscientious effort, the most common losses can be reduced or perhaps totally avoided (Marcus, 1986). Analysis The next step is to calculate the potential severity and frequency of losses facing the municipality in each of the identified risk areas. A review of the past experience of the municipality, as well as statistical information and probability analysis, is necessary. The impact of a particular risk on a municipality is difficult to determine.The use of statistics and probability analysis involves guesswork. To determine where a municipality should concentrate its risk management efforts, the risk analysis should be performed carefully. Some risks may involve such a small amount or probability of loss that the municipality will decide to simply absorb any losses which occur. The potential loss may be so large and difficult to avoid that insurance might be the only recourse (Marcus, 1986). Risk Control Once the risk areas are identified and analyzed, the next step is to eliminate, reduce or transfer the risk.Steps toward risk control are taken prior to suffering a loss, with the primary goal being loss prevention. However, when a loss cannot be prevented, risk control principles may help reduce the financial liability suffered by a municipality. Elimination of a risk is the most desirable goal. If a municipality discovers a way to eliminate a risk, there is no need to worry about its future effect or to insure against it but risks cannot always be eliminated. For instance, abolishing the police force will eliminate all loss exposure in that area, but in most cases, that action is not desirable.After an analysis, a municipality may decide to stop performing some activities or to transfer the risk to a private operator. If a risk cannot be eliminated, the next choice is to attempt to reduce the risk. Risk reduction primarily involves safety. Some common techniques for reducing risks include adoption of policies for, and proper training of, personnel, particularly for the police and fire protection services, and proper inspection and maintenance of equipment and facilities. Segregation of equipment may also help avoid the loss of all equipment at one time during a disaster such as a fire at a storage site (Gray, 2003).Steps Reducing Risk If the risk cannot be eliminated or reduced, two last options are available. First, if the risk is not large, a municipality may decide that the best option is to retain the risk and fund it itself. The municipality must be aware of its financial condition, its cash flow and the availability of additional funds before deciding to assume a risk. Retaining the risk is the appropriate action in many cases. Studies have shown that municipalities retain far fewer risks than they are financially able to. By deciding to retain a risk rather than purchasing insurance, a municipality may save money in the long run.Again, this decision can only be made after the financial condition of the municipality has been analyzed in detail (1964). Second, a municipality may be able to transfer the risk to another party. This does not always mean obtaining insurance. The most common form of risk transference is probably the †hold-harmless agreement,† in which a supplier or contractor agrees in the contract to assume risks for which the municipality would normally be responsible. Of course, the added cost to the supplier or contractor of obtaining insurance or otherwise guarding against loss may be passed on to the municipality.In such case, a municipality must calculate costs to determine if transferring the risk in this manner is the best option. In some instances, insurance remains the ultimate solution to a risk management problem. A municipality may want to retain some of the risk of an activity and transfer (1997). Identifying Risk Program Developing a Risk Management Program on a practical level, is the first step in developing a municipal risk management plan to define the scope of the program. This definition should be in writing and should set out the objectives or reasons for establishing the program.Second, it is important to delineate the responsibilities of all persons involved in the risk management function. All persons engaged in identifying and analyzing the risk and implementing the risk management program should be included. Cooperation is one of the keys to successful risk management. Third, a municipality must develop a formal risk retention policy. Once the retention limits are established after a thorough survey of the financial strength of the community, the working policy should be drawn up as a formal policy (Del,n. d).A municipality or board may want to form a safety committee which will be responsible for the conduct of a mandatory safety program for employees. This committee should recommend safety policies to be carried out by administrative personnel and should review all accidents and claims against the municipality. Most of fee accidents and claims are usually found to result from the performance of a relatively few activities. Concentrated efforts can be devoted to the correction of procedures in these areas, thereby minimizing possible losses. The second principal duty of the committee should be that of inspection of municipal procedures and installations, concentrating the search on possible defects which might cause injury and liability. Finally, the committee should confer with insurance carriers and their representatives for the cost of insurance coverage in areas where liability dangers are greatest (Del, n. d). Professional input and guidance become necessary and a professional consultant is best suited to help a municipality determine what steps should be taken to protect against torts. ConclusionRegulatory risks and tort liability are nothing new to companies within the business world of todays’ society. monitoring the risk environment in a structured way is vital. Looking at legal activity elsewhere and seeing how that might impact the business is a technique to use to avoid torts. There is a lack of awareness among employees about why their companies get sued. It’s not just the board’s responsibility but must be spread throughout the corporation. Other priorities compete for a worker’s time, so there needs to be mechanisms put in place to identify, monitor and address risks.Put in place a strong in house legal team with clear lines of responsibility and accountability. There are a number of cases that have escalated into litigation because of the failure of companies dealing with customers when they register a complaint. Capturing issues at the outset and dealing with them, thereby avoids an escalation of problems and is the best way in tackling situations that pertain to protecting businesses agains torts. How to cite Business Torts Wk 2, Papers

Alcohol Related Crashes Essay Example For Students

Alcohol Related Crashes Essay Mark S. Gold of Fair Oaks Hospital. Its drinking that harms or endangers the drinker or other people. Drinking and driving is an extremely dangerous form of alcohol abuse. Teenage drinking may cause fights with family and friends, sometimes ending in injuries or death. Loss of coordination and judgment makes drinkers accident prone. Teenage arrests for drunkenness or creating a disturbance are not only embarrassing but they can also mean a damaging arrest record 7. Teenage alcoholism is a serious problem which destroys the lives of many adolescents. In order to understand the controversial issue of alcoholism, it is necessary to explore some background information. Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language defines alcoholism as a diseased condition due to the excessive use of alcoholic beverages 35. In a medical sense, the physical effects are quite frightening. There is a great risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. The brain tissue is destroyed and cant be replaced Peele 15. Historically speaking, even in ancient times, the use of beer and wine sometimes led to drunkenness. Moderation was the most frequently recommended remedy Plesser 3. Peer pressure contributes to more and more teenagers consuming alcohol. Eight out of every ten high school seniors have tried alcohol more than once Alcohol NP. Teenagers may not have much experience with alcohol, so its hard for them to judge their own limits. Since they are less mature than adults, they are more likely to overact and lose control when intoxicated. To show evidence of the effects of alcohol on teenagers, a couple of case studies have been selected. The first one involves David, a 17 year old high school senior. He was a gifted athlete and scholar until he turned to alcohol. The symptoms began to show up by David infuriating his basketball coach and being told to never come back to the team. His grades started to slip badly and was unaware that that the quantity of alcohol that he was consuming had a direct toll on him. When he finally realized that it was time to stop drinking, he could not do it. Finally, he went to intervention and that was the best decision of his life Greenleaf 8+. This teenager was one of the lucky ones. He recognized the fact that he had a problem, sought out help and was cured. The next case study involved a high school student who earned good grades and played football. Like many teenagers, Jeff Kellogg drank a bit on weekends with his friends. Although being drunk, Jeff decided to drive home after a party. That particular night the roads were wet and snowy. He crashed into a utility pole and was rushed to a hospital where he was declared dead. His parents knew of his drinking and would punish him hoping that he would stop Anderson 1A+. While being intoxicated, a persons judgment and vision is impaired. Teenagers who feel no  pain temporarily may indeed make wrong decisions. The answer to teenage alcoholism as well as other teenage problems is a one word answer; parents. The people who gave birth to you are the ones that are responsible for you and are ultimately the ones who will suffer the most when things go bad. In most situations, the teen is living at home and is actually crying out for help. Will anyone listen? Parents hope for the best and pray that situations will work themselves out by themselves. Each generation has their own set of problems. Yesterdays remedy will not work today. Professional services are available and should be used. The parent must spend the time to know their teen!